NICE recommends using the CHA2DS2-VASc score to assess stroke risk. For a male with a score of 1 (hypertension) or more, anticoagulation should be considered; if score is 2 or more, it is strongly indicated.

Acute severe asthma is defined by any one of: PEFR 33-50% best/predicted, RR >= 25, HR >= 110, or inability to complete sentences in one breath.

NICE recommends IgA tTG as the first-line serological test for Coeliac disease, provided the patient is not IgA deficient and is consuming a gluten-containing diet.

NICE recommends Levodopa as first-line for patients whose motor symptoms impact their quality of life.

TSH levels take time to stabilize after starting or changing the dose of Levothyroxine; NICE recommends testing after 6 to 8 weeks.

In the pre-hospital setting, if meningococcal disease is suspected (especially with a non-blanching rash), IM Benzylpenicillin should be administered immediately unless contraindicated.

In severe hyperkalaemia (>6.5 mmol/L) or hyperkalaemia with ECG changes, the priority is myocardial membrane stabilization using IV Calcium Gluconate.

Expectant management can be considered in clinically stable women with small ectopic pregnancies and low/declining hCG levels (under 1000 IU/L).

Patients, especially those under 30, should be warned about a potential increase in anxiety and suicidal ideation in the early stages of SSRI treatment.

While NSAIDs are first-line for most, they should be avoided in CKD. Colchicine is a preferred alternative for acute gout in patients with renal impairment.

In HFrEF, if symptoms persist despite ACEi and Beta-blocker, a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist (MRA) such as Spironolactone or Eplerenone should be added.

NICE recommends LABA+LAMA for patients with COPD who have persistent symptoms/breathlessness and no asthmatic features.

Any pigmented lesion suspicious of melanoma (ABCDE criteria, weighted 7-point checklist) warrants a 2-week wait referral for specialist assessment.

Adhesions are the most common cause of small bowel obstruction, particularly in patients with previous abdominal surgery.

Bronchiolitis management is primarily supportive (fluid monitoring, oxygen if SpO2 < 92%). Salbutamol and steroids are not recommended.

Adult adrenaline dose for anaphylaxis is 500 micrograms (0.5mL of 1:1,000) given intramuscularly.

For patients with T2DM and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, an SGLT-2 inhibitor with proven CV benefit should be added to Metformin regardless of HbA1c target initially.

New-onset iron deficiency anaemia in an older adult requires investigation for occult GI malignancy via OGD and colonoscopy.

The presentation of severe pain, halos, and a fixed mid-dilated pupil is classic for acute angle-closure glaucoma.

Exertional desaturation in an immunocompromised patient with dry cough and fever is suggestive of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP).

PCOS is often associated with an elevated LH:FSH ratio, though this is no longer a formal diagnostic criterion (Rotterdam criteria focus on oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and US findings).

NICE guidelines recommend Calcium Channel Blockers (Amlodipine) as first-line for patients over 55 or patients of Black African or African-Caribbean family origin of any age.

Lithium use in pregnancy is associated with a small increased risk of Ebstein's anomaly (a congenital heart defect involving the tricuspid valve).

Minimal Change Disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.

Anti-CCP antibody is more specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis than Rheumatoid Factor.

First-line eradication usually involves a PPI plus two antibiotics (Amoxicillin and either Clarithromycin or Metronidazole).

In cases of suspected TIA, NICE recommends starting Aspirin 300mg immediately and specialist review within 24 hours.

The Sepsis Six includes: Oxygen, Cultures, IV Antibiotics, IV Fluids, Lactate measurement, and Urine output monitoring, all within 1 hour.

The Short Synacthen (ACTH stimulation) test is the gold standard for diagnosing primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's).

ST elevation in II, III, and aVF indicates an inferior MI, which is usually due to occlusion of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA).

A CURB-65 score of 2 or more indicates the need for hospital-based care due to increased mortality risk.

Central vision loss and metamorphopsia are classic symptoms of AMD.

Multiple myeloma is characterized by the 'CRAB' features and a monoclonal paraprotein band on electrophoresis.

Acute dystonia (e.g., torticollis) is an early extrapyramidal side effect of typical antipsychotics, treated with anticholinergics like Procyclidine.

NICE recommends topical 5-aminosalicylates (ASAs) as first-line treatment for inducing remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative proctitis.

Labetalol is the first-line antihypertensive for pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia (if not contraindicated by asthma). ACE inhibitors are contraindicated.

For uncomplicated lower UTI in non-pregnant women, a 3-day course of antibiotics (like Nitrofurantoin or Trimethoprim) is recommended.

Sodium Valproate must be avoided in women of childbearing potential unless no other treatment is effective, due to high teratogenicity. Levetiracetam or Lamotrigine are preferred alternatives.

The triad of syncope, angina, and dyspnea (SAD) with an ejection systolic murmur radiating to the carotids is classic for Aortic Stenosis.

Rovsing's sign (pain in the RIF when the LIF is palpated) is indicative of peritoneal irritation in appendicitis.

Kernig's sign is the inability to allow full extension of the knee when the hip is flexed 90 degrees due to meningeal irritation.

Eczema herpeticum is a dermatological emergency caused by HSV infection on top of eczema, characterized by punched-out erosions.

NICE recommends topical NSAIDs first-line for osteoarthritis of the knees or hands before considering oral options.

Screening for Cushing's involves 24-hour urinary free cortisol, late-night salivary cortisol, or an overnight low-dose dexamethasone suppression test.

Naloxone is the specific antagonist for opioid overdose, indicated by respiratory depression and miosis.

Spironolactone (an aldosterone antagonist) is the first-line diuretic for the management of ascites in cirrhosis.

For a patient with a high clinical probability of PE (Wells > 4), CTPA is the first-line diagnostic imaging.

The presence of Erythema Migrans is diagnostic of Lyme disease. Treatment (usually Doxycycline) should be started immediately without waiting for serology.

Refeeding syndrome (characterized by hypophosphataemia, hypokalaemia, and hypomagnesaemia) is a major risk when restarting nutrition in severely malnourished patients.

Acute hemolytic reaction is characterized by rapid onset of fever, hypotension, and flank pain, usually due to ABO incompatibility.