ST elevation in II, III, and aVF indicates an inferior MI, which is typically due to occlusion of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA).

Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism; the presence of a thyroid bruit is highly suggestive of the hypervascularity seen in Graves'.

If SABA alone is insufficient (used >= 3 times/week), the first add-on therapy is a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid.

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is characterized by parkinsonism and fluctuating cognition/visual hallucinations. If cognitive symptoms occur within 1 year of motor symptoms, DLB is the diagnosis.

NICE recommends an urgent 2-week wait referral for colonoscopy in patients over 60 with unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia or changes in bowel habits.

Stage 3 AKI is defined by a rise in creatinine >3x baseline, or creatinine >354 µmol/L, or urine output <0.3 ml/kg/hr for >12 hours or anuria.

NICE recommends laparoscopic salpingectomy as the first-line surgical treatment for ectopic pregnancy if the other tube is healthy.

Thought broadcasting and third-person auditory hallucinations are classic examples of Schneider's first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia.

NICE guidelines recommend Methotrexate as the first-line DMARD (often in combination with others) for rheumatoid arthritis.

In GP settings, if meningococcal disease is suspected (especially with a rash), IM Benzylpenicillin should be given before urgent transfer.

Female (1), Age 65-74 (1), Hypertension (1), Diabetes (1) = 4.

The priority in DKA is fluid resuscitation to restore circulatory volume, followed by insulin infusion.

A CURB-65 score of 3 or more indicates severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission and dual antibiotic therapy (e.g., Co-amoxiclav and a macrolide).

NICE advises 300mg Aspirin immediately for suspected TIA and urgent referral to a TIA clinic within 24 hours.

This patient has a severe flare (Truelove and Witts criteria: >6 bloody stools/day + systemic upset). IV corticosteroids are first-line in hospital.

Calcium gluconate (or chloride) stabilizes the cardiac membrane; it does not lower potassium but prevents cardiac arrest.

These are signs of severe preeclampsia/impending eclampsia. Management involves admission, BP control, and MgSO4 to prevent seizures.

SSRIs commonly cause transient GI upset (nausea) and occasionally increased anxiety during the first two weeks of treatment.

NSAIDs (like Naproxen) are usually first-line, but because of his peptic ulcer disease, Colchicine is preferred. Allopurinol is for prophylaxis, not acute attacks.

Antimuscarinics like Hyoscine butylbromide or glycopyrronium are used to reduce respiratory secretions at the end of life.

For patients still symptomatic on ACEi and Beta-blocker, an Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist (MRA) like Spironolactone is the next step.

Once Cushing's is confirmed, the first step in localization is checking ACTH levels to see if it is ACTH-dependent or independent.

NICE 2018 guidelines suggest LABA + LAMA for patients with COPD who have no asthmatic features and remain symptomatic on SABA/SAMA.

Sodium Valproate is highly teratogenic. In absence seizures, Ethosuximide is first-line; for general epilepsy in women of childbearing age, Lamotrigine or Levetiracetam are preferred.

Anti-tTG IgA is the first-line screening test for Coeliac Disease, provided the patient is not IgA deficient and is consuming gluten.

Minimal Change Disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, typically responding well to steroids.

Unopposed estrogen increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia/cancer. Women with a uterus must have combined HRT.

Anorexia and associated electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia) frequently cause Long QT syndrome, risking arrhythmias.

Heberden's nodes affect the DIP joints in osteoarthritis. Bouchard's nodes affect the PIP joints.

The presentation is classic for PCP (Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia). High-dose Co-trimoxazole is the treatment of choice.

The triad of exertional syncope, angina, and dyspnoea with an ejection systolic murmur radiating to the carotids is classic for AS.

A Short Synacthen (ACTH stimulation) test is the definitive test for primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's).

A Wells score > 4 indicates PE is 'likely'. The next step is a CTPA. If PE is 'unlikely' (<=4), a D-dimer is performed.

Low glucose and high neutrophils in CSF indicate bacterial meningitis. S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis are common causes in adults.

Duodenal ulcer pain is typically relieved by food, whereas gastric ulcer pain is often worsened by food.

Non-contrast CT KUB is the first-line and gold-standard investigation for suspected ureteric stones.

If HPV is positive but cytology is negative, the patient is invited back in 12 months to see if the virus has cleared.

Lithium is the first-line long-term mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder in the UK.

Triple assessment consists of clinical examination, imaging (mammography and/or ultrasound), and pathology (FNAC or core biopsy).

Sepsis Six entails: Give O2, Give Fluids, Give IV Antibiotics, Take Blood Cultures, Take Lactate, Measure Urine Output. Fluid boluses (up to 30ml/kg) are indicated for hypotension.

NICE recommends CCBs as first-line for patients over 55 or of African/Afro-Caribbean origin of any age.

Raised calcium with an inappropriately raised or 'normal' PTH indicates primary hyperparathyroidism.

For a primary spontaneous pneumothorax < 2cm and asymptomatic, the BTS guidelines recommend discharge and follow-up.

MRI is the investigation of choice to look for 'dissemination in space and time' (McDonald criteria) in MS.

A SAAG > 11 g/L indicates that the ascites is due to portal hypertension.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy must be treated for 7 days because of the high risk of progression to pyelonephritis. Nitrofurantoin is safe in the early second trimester.

Transvaginal ultrasound to measure endometrial thickness is the first-line investigation for PMB. If >4mm, a biopsy is required.

The first-line management for delirium is identifying the cause and non-pharmacological strategies (reorientation, hydration, good lighting).

In young men, appendicitis is primarily a clinical diagnosis, though imaging (CT) is increasingly used in older adults or where diagnosis is unclear.

NICE recommends offering a statin (Atorvastatin 20mg) for primary prevention to people with a 10-year QRISK3 score of 10% or more.