Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of acute infective endocarditis, especially in IV drug users where it often affects the tricuspid valve.

NICE NG80 guidelines recommend adding an LTRA as the first add-on therapy to low-dose ICS before adding a LABA.

NICE NG28 recommends SGLT2 inhibitors (like Dapagliflozin) for patients with T2DM and chronic heart failure or high cardiovascular risk.

Diagnosis of Coeliac disease is confirmed by histological findings (villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia) on a duodenal biopsy while on a gluten-containing diet.

Carbidopa (or Benserazide) is a peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor that prevents the peripheral conversion of Levodopa to dopamine, reducing nausea.

A creatinine rise >3x baseline or urine output <0.3ml/kg/hr for >24h (or anuria >12h) defines Stage 3 AKI.

NICE recommends NSAIDs or Colchicine as first-line for acute gout. Allopurinol is for prophylaxis and should not be started during an acute attack.

In an older male, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) must be investigated for GI malignancy via urgent endoscopy.

NICE clinical guidelines recommend continuing antidepressant treatment for at least 6 months after remission in a single episode of depression.

Hypertension (1), Age 65-74 (1), Stroke/TIA history (2) = 4 points.

TVUS is the definitive primary tool for identifying the location of a pregnancy appearing with symptoms of pain and bleeding.

NICE NG131 recommends mpMRI as the first-line investigation in people with suspected clinically localised prostate cancer.

The Koebner phenomenon is the development of skin lesions in areas of trauma, common in psoriasis and lichen planus.

In an acute seizure setting where IV access is available, IV Lorazepam is the first-line pharmacological treatment.

For INR >8.0 with no bleeding: stop warfarin, give oral Vitamin K (1-5mg), and restart when INR <5.0.

Suspected meningitis with a non-blanching rash requires immediate IM/IV Benzylpenicillin in the community setting before urgent transfer.

Acute onset of fluctuating confusion, usually triggered by an underlying cause like infection (pneumonia in this case), is characteristic of delirium.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (usually within 1 week of diagnosis) is the definitive treatment for acute cholecystitis.

Sudden pain, halos, and a semi-dilated pupil are classic signs of Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma, a medical emergency.

Minimal Change Disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.

For patients with COPD and no asthmatic features who remain symptomatic on monotherapy, the next step is LABA + LAMA.

First-line treatment for otitis externa is a topical antibiotic with or without a steroid.

Loss of gastric HCl through projectile vomiting leads to hypochloraemic hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis.

ST elevation in II, III, and aVF signifies an inferior MI, which is usually due to occlusion of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA).

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most common high-penetrance gene mutations associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.

Activated charcoal should be offered if the patient presents within 1 hour (sometimes considered up to 2 hours) of a potentially toxic overdose of paracetamol.

Sodium Valproate is highly teratogenic (neural tube defects, neurodevelopmental issues) and should be avoided in females of childbearing potential unless no alternative exists.

Schober's test is used to assess the range of motion of the lumbar spine, which is reduced in Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Ethambutol can cause optic neuritis, resulting in reduced acuity and colour vision defects.

BTS guidelines state that if a primary spontaneous pneumothorax is <2cm and the patient is not breathless, they can be discharged with follow-up.

In cardiac arrest, regardless of cause (including anaphylaxis), the ALS algorithm is followed: 1mg IV Adrenaline 1:10,000. For non-arrest anaphylaxis, it is 0.5mg IM 1:1000.

A Wells score >4 makes PE likely. The recommended first-line investigation in this case is a CTPA.

In women with an intact uterus, systemic oestrogen must be combined with a progestogen to prevent endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.

Multiple myeloma characteristically presents with lytic 'punched out' lesions on X-ray.

Valvulae conniventes cross the whole width of the bowel, characteristic of the small bowel. Previous surgery suggests adhesions.

A delusion of reference is the false belief that neutral events or coincidences have a special and personal meaning.

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (Anti-CCP) is more specific for RA than Rheumatoid Factor.

Hyperthyroidism with diffuse uptake on radionuclide scanning is diagnostic of Graves' disease.

The triad of 'wet, wobbly, and wacky' (incontinence, gait ataxia, and dementia) describes Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

The diagnosis is Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Co-trimoxazole (high dose) is the first-line treatment.

NICE recommends a single dose of oral dexamethasone for all children with croup, regardless of severity.

Ulcerative colitis typically shows continuous mucosal inflammation and crypt abscesses. The other options are features of Crohn's disease.

IV Calcium gluconate (or chloride) stabilizes the cardiac membrane and is the first step in managing hyperkalaemia with ECG changes.

Oral Labetalol is first-line for pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia (ACE inhibitors are contraindicated).

If BNP is elevated, the next step in diagnosing heart failure is a transthoracic echocardiogram within 2 weeks.

The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (in England and Wales) provides the framework for acting and making decisions on behalf of adults who lack capacity.

In most parts of the UK, the first invitation for cervical screening is at age 25.

The description of a pearly nodule with telangiectasia and a rolled border is classic for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC).

B12 deficiency with neurological symptoms is treated with IM Hydroxocobalamin every other day until symptoms improve, then every 3 months.

The Short Synacthen (ACTH stimulation) test is the definitive test for diagnosing primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's).