Clinical Presentations
Start with the symptom. 50 presentations mapped to MLA domains.
Chest pain is a high-stakes clinical presentation requiring rapid differentiation between life-threa…
Dyspnoea results from a mismatch between ventilatory demand and capacity. Acute management focuses o…
Palpitations are common and often benign, but require thorough investigation if associated with sync…
Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness due to reduced cerebral blood flow. Differentiating bet…
Peripheral oedema involves fluid retention in the tissues. Unilateral causes (DVT) require urgent ex…
A versatile clinical presentation ranging from minor dyspepsia to life-threatening perforation or is…
A critical emergency presenting with haematemesis or melaena, managed via the Blatchford score, aggr…
Bleeding distal to the Treitz ligament, commonly caused by diverticula or malignancy, requiring risk…
A symptom of elevated bilirubin requiring systematic classification into pre-, intra-, or post-hepat…
Difficulty swallowing that necessitates urgent '2-week wait' OGD to rule out malignancy, especially …
A complex, multi-factorial presentation requiring a systematic approach to exclude malignancy, chron…
The presence of red cells in the urine necessitating a systematic workup to exclude cancer, stones, …
An essential marker of kidney damage or systemic disease, ranging from benign transient leakage to s…
A common clinical syndrome of rapid renal decline requiring urgent identification of the cause and a…
The production of excessive volumes of urine, necessitating a clear distinction between osmotic diur…
A common presenting symptom requiring the differentiation between benign primary disorders and serio…
A transient neurological event requiring careful differentiation from syncope and the identification…
A medical emergency requiring rapid localisation (central vs peripheral) and urgent imaging to facil…
A fluctuating syndrome of impaired awareness and cognition, usually secondary to underlying physical…
A symptom of vestibular dysfunction where history (timing/triggers) and clinical manoeuvres (HINTS/D…
Sudden visual loss requires rapid triage to distinguish between vascular (CRAO/CRVO), mechanical (re…
Speech disturbances are often the sentinel sign of a stroke. Distinguishing between Broca’s (express…
Back pain is mostly mechanical but requires vigilant screening for Cauda Equina Syndrome and maligna…
Any acute monoarthritis must be treated as septic arthritis until proven otherwise. Joint aspiration…
FUO requires a methodical search for infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease. After basic blood…
A widespread skin eruption requiring systematic assessment of morphology, medication history, and mu…
The sensation of itch can stem from primary skin disease or systemic illness; a lack of an associate…
A common ophthalmic presentation ranging from benign conjunctivitis to sight-threatening glaucoma; d…
Evaluation of a neck lump focuses on patient age and chronicity; while often reactive in the young, …
Commonly viral and self-limiting, sore throat management relies on clinical scoring (Centor/FeverPAI…
Hoarseness is a key symptom of laryngeal pathology. While frequently caused by infections or reflux,…
PMB is a cardinal sign of endometrial malignancy and requires urgent specialist referral via the 2-w…
Secondary amenorrhoea is common and often related to PCOS, stress, or weight changes. Pregnancy must…
Pelvic pain requires a systematic approach to rule out emergencies like ectopic pregnancy and ovaria…
Acute scrotal pain must be treated as testicular torsion until proven otherwise. Torsion presents wi…
A presentation consisting of triad of low mood, anhedonia, and anaergia, managed via a stepped-care …
A state of detached reality featuring hallucinations and delusions, requiring urgent assessment for …
Progressive loss of cognitive function affecting daily life, requiring exclusion of reversible cause…
Intentional self-injury or poisoning, requiring immediate physical stabilisation and a comprehensive…
Difficulty falling or staying asleep with daytime consequences, managed primarily with CBT-I and sle…
Cough is a vital reflex classified as acute, subacute, or chronic; diagnosis relies on duration, ass…
Haemoptysis is the coughing up of blood; it requires urgent investigation via CXR and potentially CT…
Wheeze is a musical sound caused by narrowed airways; it requires urgent assessment for severity in …
Nausea and vomiting are symptoms of diverse aetiologies spanning GI, metabolic, and neurological sys…
Constipation involves difficult or infrequent defecation; it requires systemic evaluation for red fl…
Diarrhoea is the increased frequency and decreased consistency of stool. Management involves fluid r…
Ankle swelling involves fluid accumulation in the lower limbs, categorized by laterality and onset. …
Falls in the elderly are multifactorial events indicating frailty. Assessment requires a detailed hi…
Lymphadenopathy involves enlarged nodes due to infection, inflammation, or malignancy. Investigation…
Breast lumps require a high index of suspicion for malignancy. The 'triple assessment' (clinical exa…